The importance of arginine in piglets

The importance of arginine in piglets

The discovery of the urea cycle in mammals by Hans Krebs and Kurt Henseleit in 1932 highlighted the importance of arginine and returned it to prominence with a renewed focus on its role in modern nutrition.

Traditionally, arginine supplementation was not considered in swine diets due to the relative abundance of arginine in raw materials. However, with a realisation of the immense metabolic importance of arginine in piglets and its metabolites (Wu et al., 2007), as well as the interactions between arginine and lysine (Anderson et al., 1984), the focus has returned to arginine. With the commercial availability of arginine in recent years, feed formulations can be fine-tuned to better reflect the true needs of the animal.

The whole story

The general focus on guanidino-ascetic acid (GAA) and its role in creatine synthesis overshadows and underplays the importance and functions of arginine metabolites, of which GAA is but one.

Through a series of enzyme-modulated reactions structured around the urea cycle, arginine is metabolised to ornithine, proline, glutamate, nitric oxide and polyamines (Wu et al., 2007; Fouad et al., 2012). Ornithine is the precursor of the polyamine putrescine, which, in turn, and with the addition of methionine, is transformed into spermine and spermidine. These polyamines, which are critical for DNA and RNA synthesis, are found in all actively growing tissues (D’Mello, 2003). Glutamate is transformed into a number of molecules important for various functions including purine and pyrimidine synthesis via glutamine, glutathione, and the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyrate (GABA). Proline plays an important role in structural protein synthesis. Proline accounts for almost a third of the amino acids in collagen, while collagen makes up approximately 30% of total body protein (Wu et al., 2013). Nitric oxide (NO) is perhaps one of the most underestimated metabolites of arginine. NO is involved in regulating smooth muscle fibers, mediating the activity of the autonomic and central nervous systems, is involved in cell differentiation and apoptosis, and modulating immune responses (Titov et al., 2018).

The young piglet

Piglets experience an acute arginine deficiency between day eight and day 21 due to changes in intestinal arginine synthesis. From birth, the main source of arginine in piglets are from intestinal synthesis from dietary glutamate, glutamine, and proline (Wu et al., 2007). Sows milk has been found to be deficient in arginine, yet particularly rich in arginine metabolites glutamate, glutamine, and proline. Lysine is also found in abundance (Wu & Knabe, 1993). During the first seven days, piglets utilise glutamate, glutamine, and proline to synthesise arginine. However, it seems that intestinal synthesis only provides between 40% and 45% of the arginine requirement of the seven-day-old piglet (Leibholz, 1982; Wu & Knabe, 1995). Researchers have found that dietary supplementation from day seven until day 21 significantly increases growth performance of piglets (Kim et al., 2004). While there was no signficant effect on growth, the rate of gain compared to feed intake was improved, Tan et al. (2008) found a significant increase in body weight when supplementing early-weaned piglets with arginine. In addition, Huang et al. (2011) found that supplementing neonatal piglets with arginine improved intestinal morphology and stimulated arginine-related metabolism. In a more recent study by Zheng et al. (2018), low birth weight piglets were supplemented with arginine from day four, which not only improved growth performance, but also intestinal morphology, barrier function, and antioxidant capacity.

piglets

Conclusion

Arginine holds great promise to improve piglet health and development, especially in early-weaned and low body weight piglets.

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Heinrich Jansen van Vuuren holds a BSc in animal science from the University of Pretoria and is the team lead for amino acids, companion animals, and aquaculture at Chemuniqué.

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